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  Recreational outdoor activity

  Rafting in Ladakh, IndiaRafting in Alaska

  Rafting on the Tara river, Bosnia

  Rafting and whitewater rafting are recreational outdoor activities 🍏 which use an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other body of water.

  This is often done on whitewater or 🍏 different degrees of rough water.

  Dealing with risk is often a part of the experience.[1]

  This activity as an adventure sport has 🍏 become popular since the 1950s, if not earlier, evolving from individuals paddling 10 feet (3.0 m) to 14 feet (4.

  3 🍏 m) rafts with double-bladed paddles or oars to multi-person rafts propelled by single-bladed paddles and steered by a person at 🍏 the stern, or by the use of oars.[2]

  Rafting on certain sections of rivers is considered an extreme sport and can 🍏 be fatal, while other sections are not so extreme or difficult.

  Rafting is also a competitive sport practiced around the world 🍏 which culminates in a world rafting championship event between the participating nations.

  The International Rafting Federation, often referred to as the 🍏 IRF, is the worldwide body which oversees all aspects of the sport.

  [3]Equipment [ edit ]

  Rafting equipment has continuously evolved and 🍏 developed significantly from old rubber WW II era military surplus rafts.

  Modern whitewater rafts are typically made with advanced nylon or 🍏 Kevlar infused plastics like PVC or urethane; though many of the more entry-level low-cost manufacturers still use a glued rubber.

  Plastic 🍏 is generally more durable, longer-lasting, and just as easy to repair compared to older rubber rafts.[4]

  Paddles and oars are the 🍏 typical means of propulsion for rafts and come in many sizes and varieties with specific river conditions in mind.

  Paddles [ 🍏 edit ]

  Paddles are a combination of layered wood, plastic, aluminium, carbon fiber, or other advanced composites.

  There are many types and 🍏 combinations of these materials with lower-end entry-level paddles being composed of cheap aluminum and plastic.

  Higher-end models are constructed of high-end 🍏 composites and mostly utilized by professional rafting guides, raft racers, and expedition paddlers.[5]

  The basic paddle design for rafting consists of 🍏 3 parts:Single bladeShaftT-grip

  Paddles are typically utilized by rafters in smaller and lower volume rivers where rocks and other hazards can 🍏 damage larger oars.

  Paddles are typically used by guests on commercial trips as well since it is seen as a more 🍏 engaging way to enjoy the river trip.

  When paddles are used in a raft it is referred to as "paddling" or 🍏 "paddle guiding".[6]Oars [ edit ]

  Oars are commonly made from the same materials as paddles.

  Wood, plastic, aluminum, and carbon fiber.

  Oars are 🍏 designed for several different rivers with slightly different blade shapes built to handle varying river conditions.

  Wooden oars are typically built 🍏 as one solid piece to help retain strength and resilience of the oar while it is strained under a load.

  Composite 🍏 or metallic oars typically are made in three parts:BladeShaftGrip

  All of these parts are interchangeable and can be upgraded and altered 🍏 in many ways to make rowing more enjoyable.

  [7] Oars are generally used on wider flatter rivers of higher volume to 🍏 facilitate moving more efficiently across long slow-moving pools, though anglers will often use shorter oars on smaller rafts in low 🍏 volume rivers to help them maintain an advantageous upstream position while anglers cast from the raft.

  When a raft utilizes oars 🍏 it is called "rowing" though many people typically incorrectly refer to this as "oaring" or "oar framing", however, these terms 🍏 are incorrect and often suggest inexperience when used in conversation with members of the rafting community.

  Oars typically use one of 🍏 2 systems to attach to the boat, but in either case, they interface with the boat through a large metallic 🍏 frame strapped to the boat called an "oar frame".

  Oars connect to the frame by either a pin and clip system 🍏 or a system called oarlocks.

  Either system connects to the frame via oar towers on either side of the frame.

  Pins and 🍏 clips [ edit ]

  Pins are referred to as "thole pins" or "oar pins".

  A large metal clip attaches to the oar 🍏 and clips onto the pin.

  The top of the pin has a rubber or plastic stopper that prevents the oar from 🍏 slipping over the top of the pin.

  The bottom of the pin connects to an oar tower designed to hold the 🍏 pin in place.

  This system is an older system though it is useful for certain types of river running namely big, 🍏 dangerous Class 5 rivers that require your oars to stay in place as much as possible.

  Oarlocks [ edit ]

  Oarlocks or 🍏 locks are a more common form of attachment for oars as they allow the rower to "feather" the oar back 🍏 and forth as they row making it easier on the person using the oars to continue downstream.

  Oarlocks look like a 🍏 pin topped with a U-shaped metal flange.

  The oars slide into the gap between the U-shaped metal pieces and can be 🍏 held in place with a plastic stopper called an oarlock.

  The oarlock allows the oar to maintain its position on the 🍏 oar at a correct length for rowing.

  History [ edit ]

  Whitewater rafting can be traced back to 1811 when the first 🍏 recorded attempt to navigate the Snake River in Wyoming was planned.

  With no training, experience, or proper equipment, the river was 🍏 found to be too difficult and dangerous.

  Hence, it was given the nickname "Mad River".

  On June 9, 1940, Clyde Smith led 🍏 a successful trip through the Snake River Canyon.[8]

  Classes of white water [ edit ]

  Rafting on the Neitikoski Rapids in Lieksa, 🍏 North Karelia, Finland

  Otherwise known as the International Scale of River Difficulty, below are the six grades of difficulty in white 🍏 water rafting.

  They range from simple to very dangerous and potential death or serious injuries.

  Class 1: Very small rough areas, might 🍏 require slight maneuvering.

  (Skill level: Very basic)

  Class 2: Some rough water, maybe some rocks, might require some maneuvering.

  (Skill level: Basic paddling 🍏 skill)

  Class 3: Small waves, maybe a small drop, but no considerable danger.

  May require significant maneuvering.

  (Skill level: Some experience in rafting)

  Class 🍏 4: Whitewater, medium waves, maybe rocks, maybe a considerable drop, sharp maneuvers may be needed.

  (Skill level: Exceptional rafting experience)

  Class 5: 🍏 Whitewater, large waves, large volume, possibility of large rocks and hazards, possibility of a large drop, requires precise maneuvering.

  (Skill level: 🍏 Full mastery of rafting)

  Class 6: Class 6 rapids are considered to be so dangerous that they are effectively unnavigable on 🍏 a reliably safe basis.

  Rafters can expect to encounter substantial whitewater, huge waves, huge rocks and hazards, and/or substantial drops that 🍏 will impart severe impacts beyond the structural capacities and impact ratings of almost all rafting equipment.

  Traversing a Class 6 rapid 🍏 has a dramatically increased likelihood of ending in serious injury or death compared to lesser classes.

  (Skill level: Full mastery of 🍏 rafting, and even then it may not be safe)[9]Safety [ edit ]

  Wetsuits, additional personal flotation devices (aka lifejackets) and sport 🍏 helmets are mandatory and often imposed by law at least on tours of commercial operators, due to the constant risk 🍏 of falling off the boat

  The overall risk level on a rafting trip using proper precautions is low.

  [10] Thousands of people 🍏 safely enjoy rafting trips every year.

  Like most outdoor sports, rafting, in general, has become safer over the years.

  Expertise in the 🍏 sport has increased, and equipment has become more specialized and improved in quality.

  As a result, the difficulty rating of most 🍏 river runs has changed.

  A classic example is the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, which historically had a reputation far 🍏 exceeding its actual safety statistics.

  Today the Grand Canyon sees hundreds of safe rafting trips by both do it yourself rafters 🍏 and commercial river concessionaires.[10]

  Rafting companies generally require customers to sign waiver forms indicating understanding and acceptance of potential serious risks.

  Both 🍏 do-it-yourself and commercial rafting trips often begin with safety presentations to educate rafting participants about problems that may arise.

  Depending on 🍏 the area, safety regulations covering rafting, both for the general do-it-yourself public as well as commercial operators, may exist in 🍏 legislation.

  These range from the mandatory wearing of lifejackets, carrying certain equipment such as whistles and throwable flotation devices, to certification 🍏 of commercial outfitters and their employees.

  It is generally advisable to discuss safety measures with a commercial rafting operator before signing 🍏 on for that type of trip.

  The required equipment needed is essential information to be considered.

  Risks in white water rafting stem 🍏 from both environmental dangers and from improper behavior.

  Certain features on rivers are inherently unsafe and have remained consistently so.

  These would 🍏 include 'keeper hydraulics', 'strainers' (e.g.

  fallen trees), dams (especially low-head dams, which tend to produce river-wide keeper hydraulics), undercut rocks, and 🍏 of course dangerously high waterfalls.

  Even in safe areas, moving water can always present risks-such as when a swimmer attempts to 🍏 stand up on a rocky riverbed in strong current, risking foot entrapment.

  Irresponsible behavior related to rafting while intoxicated has also 🍏 contributed to many accidents.[11]

  Typical rafting injuries include trauma from striking an object, traumatic stress from the interaction of the paddler's 🍏 positioning and equipment and the force of the water, overuse injuries, submersion/environmental injuries, and non-environmental injuries due to undisclosed medical 🍏 conditions (such as heart problems).

  [12] Studies have shown that injury rates in rafting are relatively low,[13] though they may be 🍏 skewed due to a large number of unreported incidents.

  [14] Fatalities are rare in both commercial and do-it-yourself rafting.

  [12] Meta-analyses have 🍏 calculated that fatalities ranged between 0.55[15] - 0.

  86[16] per 100,000 user days.

  Environmental issues [ edit ]

  Rafting in Montenegro

  Like all outdoor 🍏 activities, rafting must balance its use of nature with the conservation of rivers as a natural resource and habitat.

  Because of 🍏 these issues, some rivers now have regulations restricting the annual seasons and daily operating times or numbers of rafters.

  Conflicts have 🍏 arisen when commercial rafting operators, often in co-operation with municipalities and tourism associations, alter the riverbed by dredging and/or blasting 🍏 in order to eliminate safety hazards or create more interesting whitewater features in the river.

  Environmentalists argue that this may have 🍏 negative impacts to riparian and aquatic ecosystems, while proponents claim these measures are usually only temporary since a riverbed is 🍏 naturally subject to permanent changes during large floods and other events.

  Another conflict involves the distribution of scarce river permits to 🍏 either the do-it-yourself public or commercial rafting companies.[17]

  Rafting by do-it-yourself rafters and commercial rafting companies contributes to the economy of 🍏 many regions which in turn may contribute to the protection of rivers from hydroelectric power generation, diversion for irrigation, and 🍏 other development.

  Additionally, white water rafting trips can promote environmentalism.

  Multi-day rafting trips by do-it-yourself rafters and commercial rafting companies through the 🍏 National Wild and Scenic Rivers System have the potential to develop environmental stewardship and general environmental behavior.

  Studies suggest that environmental 🍏 efficacy increases when there is an increase in the length of the trip, daily immersion, and the amount of resource 🍏 education by trip participants.

  [18]See also [ edit ]

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